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- 01 Oct 2008
- Working Paper Summaries
Responding to Public and Private Politics: Corporate Disclosure of Climate Change Strategies
Social activists are increasingly attempting to directly influence corporation behavior, using tactics such as shareholder resolutions and product boycotts to encourage companies to improve their environmental performance, increase their transparency about operations and governance, and more stringently monitor their suppliers' labor practices. This paper examines how companies are responding to these pressures, in the context of requests for greater transparency about the risks climate change poses to their business—and the strategies these companies have developed to address these risks. This paper reveals that a company is more likely to comply with social activists' requests for greater transparency about climate change when the company itself, or other companies in its industry, has been targeted by formal shareholder resolutions on environmental topics—and when the company is facing potential regulations restricting greenhouse gas emissions. These findings demonstrate that changes in corporate practices may be sparked by both social activists and by the mere threat of government regulations, and that challenges mounted against a specific firm may inspire broader changes within its industry. Key concepts include: Firms are more likely to acquiesce to a shareholder request if they or other firms in their industry have already been targeted by a shareholder resolution on a related issue. Political context affects the success of private politics, in that firms under threat of regulation are more likely to acquiesce to a shareholder request. Closed for comment; 0 Comments.
- 08 Sep 2008
- HBS Case
The Value of Environmental Activists
With decidedly non-profit goals leading them on, how do environmental protection groups such as Greenpeace and World Wildlife Fund create value? Can it be measured? A Q&A with Harvard Business School professor Ramon Casadesus-Masanell and case writer Jordan Mitchell. Key concepts include: The challenge for a business student is how to put a quantifiable measure on whether Greenpeace and WWF are successful in reaching goals. WWF and Greenpeace create value by increasing the world's willingness-to-pay on environmental issues. Most scientists agree that the earth is deteriorating at a faster rate than during the 1960s and 1970s, but it would be worse off had it not been for the tireless campaigning of environmental NGOs. Closed for comment; 0 Comments.
- 27 Aug 2008
- Research & Ideas
Creating Leaders for Science-Based Businesses
The unique challenges of managing and leading science-based businesses—certain to be a driver of this century's new economy—demand new management paradigms. At Harvard Business School, the opportunities start just across the street. From HBS Alumni Bulletin. Key concepts include: Despite the hundreds of billions of dollars invested in biotech in recent decades, most biotech companies do not turn a profit. Science-based companies require a different kind of leadership, which HBS intends to develop through research, analysis and teaching. Harvard's new science complex being built across from Harvard Business School presents many opportunities for cross-fertilization. Closed for comment; 0 Comments.
- 17 Apr 2008
- Working Paper Summaries
Diffusing Management Practices within the Firm: The Role of Information Provision
Managers face a range of options to diffuse innovative practices within their organizations. This paper focuses on one such technique: providing practice-specific information through mechanisms such as internal seminars, demonstrations, knowledge management systems, and promotional brochures. In contrast to corporate mandates, this "information provision" approach empowers facility managers to decide which practices to actually implement. The authors examine how corporate managers diffused advanced environmental management practices within technology manufacturing firms in the United States. The study identifies several factors that encourage corporate managers to employ information provision, including subsidiaries' related expertise, the extent to which the subsidiaries were diversified or concentrated in similar businesses, and the geographic dispersion of their employees. Key concepts include: This research can help managers better understand when to employ an "information provision" approach to facilitate knowledge transfer within their organizations. Corporate managers in the information and communication technology sector were more likely to use information provision to diffuse advanced environmental management practices when their subsidiaries on average possessed modest levels of related expertise, and when the levels of expertise varied greatly between subsidiaries. An information provision diffusion strategy was used more heavily by corporate managers of firms that were more diversified and where employees dispersed across more facilities. Closed for comment; 0 Comments.
- 01 Feb 2008
- What Do You Think?
How Sustainable Is Sustainability in a For-Profit Organization?
Online forum now closed. For managers, sustainability can mean the integration and intersection of social, environmental, and economic responsibilities. The concept is admirable, says Jim Heskett, but does it also confuse managers entrusted with the bottom line? How should they make trade-offs? Jim sums up reader responses. Closed for comment; 0 Comments.
- 16 Jan 2008
- Working Paper Summaries
The Political Economy of “Natural” Disasters
With the onset of global warming, it is likely that the incidence of natural shocks will only increase in the years ahead. In addition, rising inequality between rich and poor countries combined with a commitment on the part of developed countries to increase foreign aid disbursements indicates that international relief in natural disasters will grow. Disaster relief is one of the most basic and important transfers of wealth between developed and developing countries. This paper argues that the relief enters and affects a highly political situation. It also argues that the political economy of natural disasters is understandable and predictable, and may be mitigated. Key concepts include: Managed correctly, disaster assistance can smooth shocks to poor countries that might otherwise be debilitating. Like all transfers of wealth, however, it can distort incentives or be manipulated by self-interested leaders. Policymakers ought to craft disaster relief to minimize these distortions and manipulations. Domestic policies and the actions of international relief should be designed to mitigate, rather than exacerbate, the wrath of nature. Closed for comment; 0 Comments.
- 14 Jan 2008
- Research & Ideas
Mapping Polluters, Encouraging Protectors
Where are the biggest polluters? And what is your company doing to protect the environment? A new Web site—both a public service and a research tool—posts managers' data in real time, allowing a balanced view of industrial environmental performance. HBS professor Michael W. Toffel and senior research fellow Andrew A. King explain. Key concepts include: The Web project was started to get around an information bottleneck. Users of MapEcos can easily find detailed information on the environmental performance of facilities across the United States. Managers can monitor peer companies' environmental information as well as disclose information about their own facilities. The scholars use the site to examine what industrial facilities do and what the public at large is concerned about. Closed for comment; 0 Comments.
- 12 Sep 2007
- Working Paper Summaries
The Ethnic Composition of U.S. Inventors
The contributions of immigrants to U.S. technology formation are staggering. While the foreign-born account for just over 10 percent of the U.S. working population, they represent 25 percent of the U.S. science and engineering workforce and nearly 50 percent of those with doctorates. Even looking within the Ph.D. level, ethnic researchers make an exceptional contribution to science as measured by Nobel Prizes, election to the National Academy of Sciences, patent citation counts, and so on. The magnitude of these ethnic contributions raises many research and policy questions: 4 examples are debates regarding the appropriate quota for H1-B temporary visas, the possible crowding out of native students from the science and engineering fields, the brain-drain or brain-circulation effect on sending countries, and the future prospects for U.S. technology leadership. This paper describes a new approach for quantifying the ethnic composition of U.S. inventors with previously unavailable detail. Key concepts include: Ethnic scientists and engineers are an important and growing contributor to U.S. technology development. The rapidly increasing ethnic contribution in high-tech sectors is due to the strong growth of the Chinese and Indian ethnicities. Shifts in the concentration of ethnic inventors appear to facilitate changes in the geographic composition of U.S. innovation. Closed for comment; 0 Comments.
- 25 May 2007
- Working Paper Summaries
Self-Regulatory Institutions for Solving Environmental Problems: Perspectives and Contributions from the Management Literature
What role can business managers play in protecting the natural environment? Academic research on when it might "pay to be green" has advanced understanding of how and when firms achieve sustained competitive advantage. The focus of such research, however, has begun to change in light of limits to available "win-win" opportunities and to gaps in regulation. This paper, intended as a book chapter, reviews current literature and explores the potential of self-regulatory institutions to solve environmental problems. Key concepts include: Firms have created self-regulatory institutions to mitigate the risk of common sanctions and to address information asymmetries regarding production and employment practices. Some self-regulatory institutions appear to reduce asymmetries in information, others to facilitate coordinated investment in solutions to common problems. Future research needs to identify the factors that lead some, but not all, self-regulatory institutions to be effective routes to solving environmental problems. The literature reviewed here is proving valuable to scholars who study the self-regulation of standards, knowledge sharing, and open-source software development. Closed for comment; 0 Comments.
- 09 Apr 2007
- Research & Ideas
Industry Self-Regulation: What’s Working (and What’s Not)?
Self-regulation has been all over the news, but are firms that adopt such programs already better on important measures like labor and quality practices? Does adopting a program help companies improve faster? In this Q&A, HBS professor Michael Toffel gives a reality check and discusses the trends for managers. Key concepts include: Many more of these programs are targeted at business customers than at end consumers. Most studies that have examined industry-initiated programs have found that, at the time of adoption, participants are no better than others. The results of government-initiated programs, however, are more ambiguous. Managers increasingly realize that some so-called voluntary programs are actually not very voluntary. In order to really deliver on the promise of these programs, third-party verification will become increasingly important. Closed for comment; 0 Comments.
- 06 Apr 2007
- What Do You Think?
Will Market Forces Stop Global Warming?
HBS professor Jim Heskett sums up many creative responses from readers on the role of business in combatting global climate change. Online forum now closed. Closed for comment; 0 Comments.
- 09 Feb 2007
- Working Paper Summaries
Do Corporate Social Responsibility Ratings Predict Corporate Social Performance?
Ratings of corporations' environmental activities and capabilities influence billions of dollars of "socially responsible" investments as well as consumers, activists, and potential employees. But how well do these ratings predict socially responsible outcomes such as superior environmental performance? Companies can enhance their environmental image in one of two ways: by reducing or minimizing their impact on the environment, or by merely appearing to do so via marketing efforts or "greenwashing." This study evaluates the predictive validity of environmental ratings produced by Kinder, Lydenberg, Domini Research & Analytics (KLD), and tests whether companies that score high on KLD ratings generate superior environmental performance or whether highly rated firms are simply superior marketers of the factors that these rating agencies purport to measure. The data analysis examines all 588 large, publicly-owned companies in the United States that were both regulated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and whose social performance was rated by KLD at least once during 1991-2003. This paper may be the first to examine the predictive validity of social or environmental ratings. Key concepts include: KLD ratings for environmental "concerns," such as hazardous waste and regulatory problems, have small but statistically significant effects in predicting future emissions and regulatory violations. KLD ratings for environmental "strengths," such as environmentally beneficial products or pollution prevention, do not predict future environmental outcomes. Most, but not all, of the predictive power of KLD ratings is due to the fact that lagged emissions and regulatory violations predict both lagged KLD ratings and future emissions and regulatory violations. KLD expends substantial resources attempting to measure the quality of companies' environmental management systems. The results suggest that this measurement is difficult to do well. Closed for comment; 0 Comments.
- 13 Nov 2006
- Research & Ideas
Science Business: What Happened to Biotech?
After thirty years the numbers are in on the biotech business—and it's not what we expected. The industry in aggregate has lost money. R&D performance has not radically improved. The problem? In a new book, Professor Gary Pisano points to systemic flaws as well as unhealthy tensions between science and business. Key concepts include: The biotech industry has underperformed expectations, caught in the conflicting objectives and requirements between science and business. The industry needs to realign business models, organizational structures, and financing arrangements so they will place greater emphasis on long-term learning over short-term monetization of intellectual property. A lesson to managers: Break away from a strategy of doing many narrow deals and focus on fewer but deeper relationships. Closed for comment; 0 Comments.
- 02 Nov 2006
- Working Paper Summaries
Resolving Information Asymmetries in Markets: The Role of Certified Management Programs
Hundreds of thousands of firms rely on voluntary management programs to signal superior management practices to interested buyers, regulators, and local communities. Such programs typically address difficult-to-observe management attributes such as quality practices, environmental management, and human rights issues. The absence of performance standards and, in most cases, verification requirements has led critics to dismiss voluntary management programs as marketing gimmicks or "greenwash." Toffel examines whether a voluntary environmental management program with a robust verification mechanism attracts participants with superior environmental performance, and whether the program elicits improved environmental performance. His study focuses on the ISO 14001 Environmental Management System Standard, but the results have implications for voluntary management programs that govern many other difficult-to-observe management issues. Key concepts include: A voluntary management program with robust verification, such as independent certification, can distinguish organizations based on their difficult-to-observe management practices. Third-party certification may be a critical element to ensure that voluntary management programs legitimately distinguish participants. This finding is in sharp contrast with prior studies that found no evidence that superior performers disproportionately adopted voluntary management programs with weak or no verification mechanisms. For firms, the evidence that ISO 14001 distinguishes adopters as less pollution-intensive many encourage firms to use ISO 14001 to screen suppliers. Regulators should seriously consider using ISO 14001 as an indicator of superior performance. The results of the study should encourage those who have designed or adopted other voluntary management programs that lack robust verification mechanisms to consider whether adding such a mechanism would substantially bolster the credibility of the program. Closed for comment; 0 Comments.
- 05 Jul 2006
- Working Paper Summaries
Do Managers’ Heuristics Affect R&D Performance Volatility? A Simulation Informed by the Pharmaceutical Industry
Can the R&D process be managed to provide more certainty and success? The authors explore R&D performance volatility using the pharmaceutical industry as the model. The study looks at two types of heuristics that are commonly used to manage R&D project portfolios: (1) which products to start, and whether to continue or kill a product in development; (2) how resources should be allocated at each phase of development. By changing the heuristics used to make decisions at each stage of development, managers can decrease the amount of uncertainty and failure in the R&D process. Key concepts include: Pay attention to R&D portfolio management, not just portfolio selection. Don't delay in killing bad projects. Closed for comment; 0 Comments.
- 10 Oct 2005
- Research & Ideas
Corporate Responsibility and the Environment: What is the Right Thing To Do?
Does it make legal, ethical, or economic sense for companies to participate in environmental corporate social responsibility programs? A new book from HBS professor Richard Vietor and colleagues Bruce Hay and Robert N. Stavins attempts to separate fact from fiction on the debate. Closed for comment; 0 Comments.
- 29 Nov 2004
- Research & Ideas
Caves, Clusters, and Weak Ties: The Six Degrees World of Inventors
Your company's scientists and investors can be antennas that bring great ideas into your company. The key, says HBS professor Lee Fleming, is understanding small-world networks. Closed for comment; 0 Comments.
- 06 Sep 2004
- What Do You Think?
How Do We Prepare for a World Without Cheap Oil?
How should the world (and firms, and countries) best adjust to an age of more expensive energy? Among the possible alternatives for tackling the problem, three seem to stand out. Closed for comment; 0 Comments.
- 08 Dec 2003
- Research & Ideas
Why Europe Lags in Pharmaceuticals and Biotech
Governmental, cultural and academic differences are hurting Europe’s chances of gaining on the U.S. Can anything be done? Closed for comment; 0 Comments.
Extending Producer Responsibility: An Evaluation Framework for Product Take-Back Policies
Managing products at the end of life (EOL) is of growing concern for durable goods manufacturers. While some manufacturers engage in voluntary "take back" of EOL products for a variety of competitive reasons, the past 10 years have seen the rapid proliferation of government regulations and policies requiring manufacturers to collect and recycle their products, or pay others to do so on their behalf. Toffel, Stein, and Lee develop a framework for evaluating the extent to which these product take-back regulations offer the potential to reduce the environmental impacts of these products in an effective and cost-efficient manner, while also providing adequate occupational health and safety protection. The evaluation framework is illustrated with examples drawn from take-back regulations in Europe, Japan, and the United States. Key concepts include: The authors identify key policy levers that promote cost efficiency while reducing risks to the environment, public health, and the workers involved in recovery operations. Key policy decisions include setting the scope of manufacturer responsibilities, the stringency of recovery and recycling targets, design-for-environment requirements and substance bans, restrictions on when customer fees can be imposed, and limitations on the industrial organization of the recycling market. Closed for comment; 0 Comments.